During pipe bursting, a cone shaped expander is pulled through an existing pipe, breaking it, enlarging the cavity, and pulling a replacement pipe into place. The expansion of the soil cavity and axial movements of the ...

Stay-In-Place (SIP) formwork systems are widely used for concrete slabs in industry due to their relative ease and speed of construction. Conventionally, corrugated metal sheets or precast panels are used as formwork. In ...

Globally, there is a need for alternative building materials that require less energy to produce than conventional materials. These alternative materials have gained popularity in recent years, however there is a need to ...