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    Surface Mesh-Based Ultrasound Simulator For Spinal Interventions

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    Date
    2013-07-24
    Author
    Bartha, Laura
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    Abstract
    Purpose: Ultrasound is prevalent in image-guided therapy as a safe, inexpensive,

    and widely available imaging modality. However, extensive training in interpreting

    ultrasound images is essential for successful procedures. An open-source ultrasound

    image simulator was developed to facilitate the training of ultrasound-guided spinal

    intervention procedures, thereby eliminating the need for an ultrasound machine from

    the phantom-based training environment. Methods: Anatomical structures and surgical

    tools are converted to surface meshes for data compression. Anatomical data

    is converted from segmented volumetric images, while the geometry of surgical tools

    is available as a surface mesh. The pose of the objects are either constants or live

    measurements from a pose tracking device. Intersection points between the surface

    models and the ultrasound scan lines are determined with a binary space partitioning

    tree. The scan lines are divided into segments and filled with grey values determined

    by an intensity calculation accounting for material properties, reflection, and attenuation

    parameters defined in a configuration file. The scan lines are then converted to

    a regular brightness-mode ultrasound image. Results: The simulator was tested in a

    tracked ultrasound imaging system, with a mock transducer tracked by an Ascension

    TrakStar electromagnetic tracker, on a spine phantom. A mesh model of the spine

    was created from CT. The simulated ultrasound images were generated at a speed

    of 50 frames per second, and a resolution of 820 x 616 pixels on a PC with a 3.4

    GHz processor. A human subject trial was conducted to compare the learning performance of novice trainees with real and simulated ultrasound in the localization of

    the facet joints of a spine phantom. With 22 participants split into two equal groups

    and each participant localizing 6 facet joints, there was no statistical difference in the

    performance of the two groups, indicating that simulated ultrasound could indeed

    replace the real ultrasound in phantom-based ultrasonography training for spinal

    interventions. Conclusion: The ultrasound simulator was implemented and integrated

    into the open-source Public Library for Ultrasound (www.plustoolkit.org) and

    SlicerIGT (www.SlicerIGT.org) toolkits
    URI for this record
    http://hdl.handle.net/1974/8125
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