Investigation of the presence and impact of environmentally-adapted Escherichia coli in private well water in southeastern Ontario
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Authors
Tropea, Erica
Date
Type
thesis
Language
eng
Keyword
Environmentally-Adapted E. coli , Private Well Water , Water Quality , Cryptic Clades , Fecal Indicator Bacteria , Escherichia coli
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Abstract
The fecal contamination of drinking water causing acute gastrointestinal illness remains a threat to public health in Canada, including Ontario, particularly in rural regions reliant on private well water. To determine potability, water is assessed for the presence of fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) to indicate contamination with harmful fecal pathogens. Escherichia coli remains the most frequently employed FIB, given it is a natural inhabitant of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of warm-blooded animals. However, the use of E. coli as a FIB has been questioned in recent years with the identification of populations of environmentally-adapted E. coli capable of survival and growth outside of the GIT, including in water and soil. Environmentally-adapted E. coli do not represent a recent fecal contamination event and thus challenge the current dogma that the presence of E. coli in water always reflects recent contamination from a fecal source and the potential presence of fecal pathogens.
This study hypothesizes that environmentally-adapted E. coli populations are present in private well water in southeastern Ontario. Environmentally-adapted populations were characterized by comparing the genetic signature and phylogenetic origin of E. coli isolates obtained directly from feces of a variety of hosts to that obtained from domestic private well water samples, both collected from southeastern Ontario. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction and accessory gene fingerprinting were employed to facilitate identifying genetic fingerprints unique to well water and, in combination with phylogroup analysis, this revealed the presence of environmentally-adapted E. coli populations in 66% of the 76 E. coli positive wells analyzed. All isolates sampled from 37% of E. coli positive wells were exclusively of environmentally-adapted populations. These findings show that environmentally-adapted E. coli are widespread in domestic private well water in southeastern Ontario. This is the first study to investigate and report the presence of environmentally-adapted E. coli in private well water. As a result, the reassessment of E. coli as the principle FIB is required, as well as a review of current water quality testing methodology and interpretation. These findings may inform future drinking water quality guidelines, policy, and public health risk assessment.
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ProQuest PhD and Master's Theses International Dissemination Agreement
Intellectual Property Guidelines at Queen's University
Copying and Preserving Your Thesis
This publication is made available by the authority of the copyright owner solely for the purpose of private study and research and may not be copied or reproduced except as permitted by the copyright laws without written authority from the copyright owner.